5G Roaming (Home-Routed) — Tracing SEPP and N32

A subscriber from Home PLMN (HPLMN, MCC-MNC 525-01, Singapore) is roaming in Visited PLMN (VPLMN, MCC-MNC 310-260, US). They successfully attach and get service but complain that data service is intermittent. You've been asked to verify the N32 signalling between V-SEPP (Visited 10.45.9.1) and H-SEPP (Home 10.45.0.9). The trace includes the Home-Routed session where UE traffic anchors at the home UPF. Your goal: understand the SEPP architecture, verify SEPP is doing its job, and identify whether the intermittent issue could be an N32-c vs N32-f signalling problem. Pay close attention to which messages are PRINS-wrapped and which are not — per TS 29.573 every message entering N32 must be wrapped.