Latency analysis: air interface, backhaul, core contributions

Air Interface Latency

End-to-end latency in 5G is the total round-trip time from the UE application to the server and back. The air interface between UE and gNB typically contributes 1-4 ms for eMBB with SCS 30 kHz. This includes encoding and processing time at the transmitter (0.2-0.5 ms), scheduling delay waiting for the next available slot (0-0.5 ms depending on TDD pattern), transmission time of one 0.5 ms slot, potential HARQ retransmission adding approximately 4 ms per round trip, and receiver decoding time. For URLLC with mini-slots (2-symbol mini-slot at SCS 30 kHz is about 0.07 ms) and SCS 60 kHz, air…