End-to-end latency: user plane breakdown from gNB to DN

Latency Budget Decomposition

End-to-end latency in 5G is the sum of component delays across the entire path: UE processing, air interface (TTI and HARQ), fronthaul (gNB-DU to gNB-CU), midhaul/backhaul (gNB-CU to UPF), core processing (UPF forwarding, SMF decision), and transport to the application server or.