Indoor propagation models — ITU-R P.1238, COST 231

ITU-R P.1238 Indoor Model

ITU-R P.1238 is the primary international standard for indoor propagation prediction. The model calculates path loss as a function of distance, frequency, and number of floors penetrated. It uses a distance power law with a floor-specific loss factor that varies by building type — residential, office, or commercial. The model defines path loss as twenty times the log of frequency in MHz plus the distance power loss coefficient times the log of distance in meters plus the floor penetration loss factor times the number of floors minus twenty-eight decibels. This relatively simple formulation…