Digital twin architecture: data ingestion, model engine, simulation, visualization

Four-Layer Architecture

A telecom digital twin follows a four-layer architecture. The data layer handles ingestion of raw network data from PM counters, alarms, configuration management, and topology databases. The model layer maintains a graph-based network model engine that represents every cell, link, and node with its current parameters and state. The simulation layer runs what-if scenarios by applying hypothetical changes to the model and computing predicted outcomes. The visualization layer renders dashboards, 3D maps, and KPI overlays that let engineers interact with the twin intuitively.