Non-Terrestrial Networks: LEO mega-constellations, HAPS, drones

Multi-Layer NTN Architecture

The 6G NTN vision extends beyond 5G NR-NTN to a fully integrated multi-layer architecture. LEO mega-constellations (300-1200 km altitude) with thousands of satellites provide global broadband coverage with 5-20 ms one-way latency. High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) operating at 20 km in the stratosphere offer semi-permanent regional coverage with sub-5 ms latency and 100 km coverage radius. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs/drones) at 0.1-10 km provide on-demand temporary capacity for events, disasters, or coverage gaps. Together, these layers create ubiquitous 3D connectivity.